Non-pharmacological Interventions for the Management of Lower Extremity Edema During Pregnancy: A Narrative Review Study

Context: The most common cause of bilateral lower extremity edema during pregnancy is venous insufficiency, that a physiological process. Although it not serious complication, can lead to substantial pain, heaviness, nocturnal cramps, tingling, and numbness. In this regard, foot massage prominent non-pharmacological practice among healthcare providers. This study aimed evaluate interventions utilized alleviate the symptoms pregnancy. Evidence Acquisition: narrative review included all randomized controlled trials 2011 - 2021 evaluating For literature review, databases including MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, SID were searched using following keywords: “management,” “pregnancy,” “obstetric”, “oedema”, “edema”, “pharmacological treatment”, “lower-extremity edema”, “late pregnancy”, “non-pharmacological treatment”. Results: terms analyzed outcomes, there differences between assessed trials. had high risk performance detection bias essentially unclear for selection bias. Finally, seven studies analyzed. Compression stockings external appeared reduce edema. Conclusions: There enough evidence managing Further with appropriate methodology analysis outcome are needed.